Scientists propose data encoding method for the 6G standard

14 hours ago
ITMO University 

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Researchers around the world are working on methods to transfer data in the terahertz (THz) range, which would make it possible to send and receive information more quickly than today's technology. But it is much more difficult to encode data in the THz range than in the GHz range currently used by 5G technology. A group of scientists from ITMO University has demonstrated the possibility of modifying terahertz pulses in order to use them for data transmission. They have published their results in Scientific Reports

Telecommunications companies in advanced economies are beginning to adopt the new 5G standard, which will provide previously impossible wireless data transfer speeds. Meanwhile, as companies roll out this new generation of data networks, scientists are already at work on its successor. "We're talking about 6G technologies," says Egor Oparin, a staff member of ITMO University's Laboratory of Femtosecond Optics and Femtotechnologies. "They will increase data transfer speeds by anywhere from 100 to 1,000 times, but implementing them will require us to switch to the terahertz range."

Today, a technology for simultaneous transfer of multiple data channels over a single physical channel has been successfully implemented in the infrared (IR) range. This technology is based on the interaction between two broadband IR pulses with a bandwidth measured in tens of nanometers. In the terahertz range, the bandwidth of such pulses would be much larger—and so, in turn, would be their capacity for data transfer.

But scientists and engineers will need to find solutions to numerous crucial issues. One such issue has to do with ensuring the interference of two pulses, which would result in a so-called pulse train, or frequency comb, used "In the terahertz range, pulses tend to contain a small number of field oscillations; literally one or two per pulse," says Egor Oparin. "They are very short and look like thin peaks on a graph. It is quite challenging to achieve interference between such pulses, as they are difficult to overlap."

A team of scientists at ITMO University has suggested extending the pulse in time so that it would last several times longer but still be measured in picoseconds. In this case, the frequencies within a pulse would not occur simultaneously, but follow one another in succession. In scientific terms, this is referred to as chirping, or linear-frequency modulation. However, this presents another challenge: Although chirping technologies are quite well developed in the infrared range, there is a lack of research on the technique's use in the terahertz range.

"We've turned to the technologies used in the microwave range," says Egor Oparin, who is a co-author of the paper.

"They actively employ metal waveguides, which tend to have high dispersion, meaning that different emission frequencies propagate at different speeds there. But in the microwave range, these waveguides are used in single mode, or, to put it differently, the field is distributed in one configuration, a specific, narrow frequency band, and as a rule, in one wavelength. We took a similar waveguide of a size suitable for the terahertz range and passed a broadband signal through it so that it would propagate in different configurations. Because of this, the pulse became longer in duration, changing from two to about seven picoseconds, which is three and a half times more. This became our solution."

By using a waveguide, researchers have been able to increase the length of the pulses to a duration that is necessary from a theoretical standpoint. This made it possible to achieve interference between two chirped pulses that together create a pulse train. "What's great about this pulse train is that it exhibits a dependence between a pulse's structure in time and the spectrum," says Oparin. "So we have temporal form, or simply put, field oscillations in time, and spectral form, which represents those oscillations in the frequency domain. Let's say we've got three peaks, three substructures in the temporal form, and three corresponding substructures in the spectral form. By using a special filter to remove parts of the spectral form, we can 'blink' in the temporal form and the other way around. This could be the basis for data encoding in the terahertzband."

More information: Xinrui Liu et al, Formation of gigahertz pulse train by chirped terahertz pulses interference, Scientific Reports (2020).  DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66437-4

Journal information: Scientific Reports

Provided by ITMO University

Artificial Intelligence and Data Science

Innovations in artificial intelligence (AI) and a paradigm shift to data-driven approaches owing to the growing trend in data drive new research opportunities in a variety of areas, such as social networks, bioinformatics, healthcare, manufacturing business, beyond 5G (6G) communications, Internet of Things (IoT), and so forth.  

In the aforementioned areas, system-generated information such as smart devices, sensors, agents, and meters as well as human-generated information such as texts, photos, and videos lead to a tremendous amount of data while new levels of security, performance, and reliability are required.

 In this context, equipping the relevant functionality with AI or data mining-based algorithms, including regression models, Bayesian learning, clustering, neural networks, decision trees, information retrieval, decision processes, multi-armed bandits, reinforcement learning, generative models, and graphical models, has received a substantial attention both in academia as well as in industrial communities. 

Recently developed AI or data mining approaches will provide promising solutions to many challenging problems through learning and decision making in terms of significantly improving user experience and service quality.

 

The “Artificial Intelligence and Data Science” bringing this perspective to AI and data science, and focuses on the latest research, algorithm design, analysis, and implementation for various applications. Will address a comprehensive overview of how to enable autonomous and intelligent services/applications though collecting, processing, learning, and controlling a vast amount of information across various domains. The following topics of interest include, but are not limited to:

 

• Network mining and graph mining

• Deep learning and neural network-based approach

• Social network analysis

• Reinforcement learning and multi-armed bandits 

• Knowledge representation and reasoning

• Anomaly and fake content detection

• Information retrieval

• Recommendation and ranking engines

• Machine learning in medicine and healthcare informatics 

• Big data analytics for beyond 5G or 6G

• Edge/fog computing using machine learning

• IoT data analytics

• Data-driven services and applications

6G Wireless Systems

While 5G is currently being deployed around the globe, research on 6G is under way aiming at addressing the coming challenges of drastic increase of wireless data traffic and support of other usage scenarios. 6G is expected to extend 5G capabilities even further. Higher bitrates (up to Tbps) and lower latency (less than 1ms) will allow introducing new services – such as pervasive edge intelligence, ultra-massive machine-type communications, extremely reliable low-latency communications, holographic rendering and high-precision communications – and meet more stringent requirements, especially in the following dimensions: energy efficiency; intelligence; spectral efficiency; security, secrecy and privacy; affordability; and customization. Artificial intelligence approaches and techniques, such as machine learning (of which deep learning and reinforcement learning are specific examples), and machine reasoning (which includes planning, scheduling, knowledge representation and reasoning, search and optimization), are the new fundamental enablers to operate networks more efficiently, enhance the overall end user experience and provide innovative service applications. Quantum Optics Computing (QOC) and Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) are almost ready for industrial applications. In particular, massive Internet of Things (mIoT), Industrial IoT (IIoT), fully automated robotic platforms (which include control, perception, sensors and actuators, as well as the integration of other techniques into cyber-physical systems), vehicles and multisensory extended reality are examples of the new data-demanding applications, which will impose new performance targets and motivate 6G design and deployment.

This paper aims to provide the scientific community with a comprehensive overview of the most challenging aspects of 6G mobile networks and identify latest research on promising techniques towards the evolution to 6G on topics including, but not limited to the following:

- Vision, key drivers, new services and requirements for 6G

- System and network architectures for 6G 

- Wireless backhaul and fronthaul solutions

- Spectrum and channel modeling for 5G and towards 6G

- Energy efficiency and harvesting technologies

- Multi-level machine learning pipelines in 5G and towards 6G

- 5G and beyond towards 6G testbeds and experimentation

- Security, secrecy and privacy schemes for 5G and towards 6G

- Distributed computing for 5G and towards 6G

- Optical Quantum computing and QKD in 6G

Punca Kekalahan PH di Tanjung Piai

Kekalahan PH di Tanjung Piai memang sudah dijangka tapi jumlah undi kekalahan yang mengejutkan.

Kekalahan berpunca dari salah guna kuasa dalam pemilihan Perdana Menteri yang berasal dari parti komponen yang paling kecil bilangan ahli parlimen. Satu jawatan perdana menteri yang sepatutnya sementara tapi telah dijadikan hampir kekal.

Kuasa PM dalam melantik menteri  jelas memberi keadaan yang lebih buruk. Parti yang mempunyai kerusi parlimen yang terbanyak tidak mempunyai Menteri terbanyak dan terpenting. Pemilihan rakyat telah diketepikan dengan mudah.

Demokrasi yang menjadi asas pemilihan pemerintahan telah tidak diikuti. Tidak hairanlah rakyat melihat kezaliman ini berjalan dengan terbuka dan mengambil tindakan sewajarnya di Tanjung Piai.

Masih tidak lewat lagi untuk PH balik ke asas demokrasi iaitu memberi jawatan PM pada parti yang mempunyai ahli parlimen teramai.

Rakyat ingin melihat pemerintah yang adil dan telus berdasarkan demokrasi sebenarnya dan bukan percaturan politik yang sempit.

Laksanakan demokrasi yang sebenarnya sekarang demi negara Malaysia dan demi rakyat agar sejahtera dari segi ekonomi, perumahan, pendidikan dan pertahanan.

Mungkin rakyat akan memaafkan permainan kotor ini. 

Kamarulazizi Ibrahim

Perubahan Semasa

بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيم

Naratif Semasa

Manusia berubah dengan masa. Kita berubah bukan sahaja dari sudut fizikal tapi juga minda.

Sekarang dan dulu tidak sama. Jika perkara yang sama kita lakukan dulu kesannya tidak sama dengan melakukan perkara yang sama sekarang.

Pada tahun 70 dan 80 an, naratif utama agama berada ditepi sebagai adat sahaja. Perkahwinan dan kematian. Bagi badan dakwah, setiap dai bersemangat dalam hati untuk membaiki masyarakat, hanya sedikit pendedahan boleh memarak semangat ini.

Sekarang berbeza. Kelebihan dan kebaikan risalah agama sudah ramai yang menjuarainya dari masjid, ustaz-ustazah, jabatan agama dll.

Perasaan terdesak untuk membaiki masyarakat telah terhakis. Usaha untuk melaksanakan tanggung jawab dai memerlukan motivasi yang lebih tinggi atau nyalaan api yang lebih besar.

Ingat naratif baru memerlukan usaha yang lebih. Perubahan akan berlaku. Mari kita dai yang telah berkecimpung lama dan baru bekerja sama. Belajar dari usaha lalu dan sesuaikannya dengan masa kini. 

Sebaik mana usaha lalu, perlu diingati naratif semasa sudah berubah.

Hanya Allah swt Maha Mengetahui siapa yang berusaha dan yang tidak.

الله أعلم

Kamarulazizi Ibrahim

Pengerusi WADAH Cawangan Pulau Pinang

9 November 2019

11 RabiulAwal 1441

Can Malaysia benefit from the US-China trade dispute?

The US-China trade dispute is now well into its second year and the longer this dispute between the world’s two largest economies drags on, the more it undermines global growth prospects. So what does this mean for emerging markets like Malaysia ? Will they suffer from the fallout - or can they successfully turn the situation to their advantage? 

 The US-China conflict goes beyond trade. This is an existential battle for who is going to dominate the world, who is going to be the superpower, who is going to be the hegemon shaping the world order over the next 10, 15, 20 years.

However, the rivalry between the US and China differs from past superpower showdowns because the economies of both nations are deeply entwined. Therefore, a further prolonging of the conflict in an increasingly globalised world would have major ramifications for the global economy.

As it stands, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) has estimated that the US-China conflict will bring down global economic output by nearly 1 per cent in 2020 and possibly inflict further losses down the road. 

And despite reports that China and the US have made progress in negotiations, the situation is far from resolved. The latest so-called trade agreement that was announced is really not an agreement it just putted the big questions down the road.

The uncertainty unleashed by the trade dispute is unlikely to improve in the short term, it would be a mistake to try to stop China’s rise or decouple from its economy in any way. There’s only mutually assured destruction possible if you decouple, pointing to the reliance of both the US and Chinese economies on bilateral trade, and China’s significant holdings of US debt.

The Malaysian government’s efforts to attract trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) such as streamlining regulations and taxes, and maintaining a competitive edge need to do more to bring down tariffs and highlighted opportunities in the tech sector as an ideal place to explore synergies.

Malaysia cannot be immune to the trade conflict. Emphasising the need for the country to actively capture opportunities arising from the trade conflict but to differentiate  between opportunism and opportunity.

While the trade conflict calls for some opportunism on our part to secure quick wins, it is only through decisive and sustained steps over the next few years that we can turn ourselves into one of the most attractive investment destinations, not just for the next two years but for the next 20 years and beyond.

It is not about GDP growth. Rather, it’s about a virtuous cycle of demand and investment which can support the growing need for employment.

Complexity, adaptability and network are three words that have come to define a changing world order marked by shifting trade patterns, technological disruption, low interest rates and falling growth. Addressing these three challenges will help us all to navigate and indeed thrive in the current environment.

The world should turn the conflict into a win-win by working together to find a healthy balance between competition and cooperation. Networking, connecting, helping people talk to each other – that is the way forward for growth and progress.”

Death of a Journalist

Death sometimes gives better coverage than normal reporting. Whether it is real or otherwise, some how or the other mankind is fascinated with death. 

In the case of Saudi journalists, reporting becomes more lively when death is by persecution. Proving  and disproving become the play of the day. Interestingly enough the death of a Muslim becomes headline of world news and news about Gaza being bombarded by Israel which  involves even greater Muslim lives takes a backseat. Ironically, the President of US wanted to get to the bottom of the death of a journalist rather than in Gaza which does not deserve any comment according to his sic views.

Killing a life should not be left untouched and keep silenced. Humanity and civilinity will not allow killing and  must be condoned in what ever form it may be especially if it involves children and women. Life is precious and must  be taken seriously.

Killing and war must not be an option to anyone whether he or she has the power to inflict them.

The world civil societies should condemn what happen to the journalist and in Gaza. Selective condemnation is wrong and unjustified.

#death

#journalist